Major & Minor Burns
To distinguish a minor burn from a serious burn, the first step is to determine the degree and the extent of damage to body tissues. In addition to treatment of minor burns, there are three burn classifications that can help you determine what emergency care you should be taking.
First-degree
The least serious burns are those in which only the outer layer of skin (epidermis) is burned. The skin is usually red, with swelling and pain sometimes present. The outer layer of skin hasn’t been burned through. Treat a first-degree burn as a minor burn unless it involves substantial portions of the hands, feet, face, groin, or buttocks or a major joint.
Second-degree
When the first layer of skin has been burned through and the second layer of skin (dermis) also is burned, the injury is termed second-degree burn. Blisters develop and the skin takes on an intensely reddened, splotchy appearance. Second-degree burns produce severe pain and swelling.If the second-degree burn is no larger than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, treat it as a minor burn. If the burned area is larger or if the burn is on the hands, feet, face, groin, or buttocks or over a major joint, get medical help immediately.
Treatment of First & Second-Degree Burns
For minor burns, first-degree, and second-degree burns which are limited to an area no larger than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, the following actions can be taken to treat a victim.
- Cool the burn. Hold the burned area under cold running water for 15 minutes. If this is impractical, immerse the burn in cold water or cool it with cold compresses. Cooling the burn reduces swelling by conducting heat away from the skin. Do not put ice on the burn. Putting ice directly on a burn can cause frostbite, further damaging the skin.
- Consider a lotion. Once a burn is completely cooled, applying an aloe vera lotion, a triple antibiotic ointment, or a moisturizer prevents drying and makes you feel more comfortable.
- Do not break blisters. Fluid-filled blisters protect against infection. If blisters break, wash the area with mild soap and water, then apply an antibiotic ointment and a gauze bandage. Clean and change dressings daily. Antibiotic ointments do not make the burn heal faster, but they can discourage infection. Certain ingredients in some ointments can cause a mild rash in some people. If a rash appears, stop using the ointment. If it’s a major burn, do not apply any ointment at all (see below).
- Cover the burn with a sterile gauze bandage. Do not use fluffy cotton, which may irritate the skin. Wrap the gauze loosely to avoid putting pressure on burned skin. Bandaging keeps air off the area, reduces pain, and protects blistered skin.
- Take an over-the-counter pain reliever. These include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Aleve) or acetaminophen (Tylenol, others).
Third-degree
The most serious burns are painless and involve all layers of the skin. Fat, muscle and even bone may be affected. Areas may be charred black or appear dry and white. Difficulty inhaling and exhaling, carbon monoxide poisoning, or other toxic effects may occur if smoke inhalation accompanies the burn.
Treatment of Third-Degree Burns
In the event of serious third-degree burns, immediately dial “0 ” from a campus phone or 740-587-6777 from any other phone to call for emergency medical assistance. Until an emergency unit arrives, complete the following steps to treat the burn.
- Do not remove burnt clothing. However, do make sure the victim is no longer in contact with smoldering materials or exposed to smoke or heat.
- Make sure the burn victim is breathing. If breathing has stopped or you suspect the victim’s airway is blocked try to clear the airway and, if necessary, do cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
- Cover the area of the burn. Use a cool, moist sterile bandage or clean cloth to cover the burn until emergency help arrives.